(Knee point is the point, where lc is about to become a constant). (i.e) The region in between the origin and knee point. The initial part of the curve (ohmic region, OA) is called saturation region. sa turation region active region (mA) o Aver cut off on (volts) 13=60 LA 13=40 ILA IF20YA The three regions of the characteristics can be discussed as follows : Saturation region. The output characteristics thus obtained are Now, lc versus VCE curves are drawn for different values of 1B. The procedure is repeated for different values of 1B. VCE is increased in suitable equal steps and the corresponding collector current is noted. The base current 1B is kept at a constant value, by adjusting the base emitter voltage VBE. Output characteristics Output characteristic curves are drawn between lc and VCE, when 1B is kept constant at a particular value. Input impedance, ri The input impedance of the transistor in CE mode is very high. AVBF (volt) The input impedance of the transistor is defined as the ratio of small change in base - emitter voltage to the corresponding change in base current at a given VCE. The input characteristic thus obtained is shown in Fig CE Alb. 1B values are plotted against VBE for constant VCE. The procedure is repeated for different values of VCE. VBE is increased in suitable equal steps and corresponding base current is noted. Its presence and significance extend from basic electronic circuits to the most advanced computing systems, making it a cornerstone of modern technology.C 7 7 Input characteristics cc Input characteristic curve is drawn between the base current (1B) and voltage between base and emitter (VBE), when the voltage between collector and emitter (VCE) is kept constant at a particular value. The NOR’s simplicity, versatility, and ability to perform multiple logical operations make it an essential component in the world of digital electronics. They are crucial in constructing complex logic circuits and can be combined to create more advanced gates or even entire processors. In practical applications, NOR gates find wide usage in various digital systems, including computer processors, memory circuits, control units, and communication devices. This property makes it particularly useful for implementing logical functions such as logical negation, AND, and OR operations. The NOR’s truth table demonstrates its logical behavior, with the output being 1 only when all inputs are 0. This behavior can be represented by the Boolean expression A NOR B = Q.
In other words, the output is false only when any of the inputs are true. The output is high (logic 1) only when both inputs are low (logic 0). In its simplest form, a NOR accepts two input signals and produces a single output signal. The NOR has the unique characteristic of being able to perform multiple logic operations, including inversion, OR, and NAND, making it a versatile building block for complex circuits. This gate produces an output signal based on the logical combination of its input signals. The term “ NOR” stands for “NOT OR,” indicating its behavior as the negation of the OR gate. With its versatile functionality and wide range of applications, the NOR gates play a crucial role in the design and operation of various electronic systems. The NOR gate is a fundamental component in digital electronics, serving as one of the basic logic gates used for processing binary information.
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