In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. In the 19th century (in Russia until 1917), the language was often called " Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, which was then called " White Russian", and Ukrainian, then called " Little Russian" in the Russian Empire. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus.
From the point of view of spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family. замо́к ( zamók, 'lock') and за́мок ( zámok, 'castle')), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names.
Stress, which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically, though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without-the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station, as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. It is the most spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe, as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. Russian has remained an official language in independent Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel. It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union.
It is one of four living East Slavic languages, and is also a part of the larger Balto-Slavic languages. It is the native language of the Russians and belongs to the Indo-European language family. Russian ( русский язык, russkij jazyk, IPA: ) is an East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia.
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